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Some Windows 10 devices ship with “Device Encryption”, but other PCs require you to to get for full-disk encryption. If you’d rather not, you can use the free and open-source VeraCrypt software to get full-disk encryption on any version of Windows. RELATED: is the best way to ensure attackers can’t read your files.
It scrambles your files into random-looking gibberish and you need a secret key to access them. Even if someone gains access to your physical hard drive, they’ll need your password (or key file) to actually see what you have on the drive.
VeraCrypt is a free and open-source tool you can use to on any Windows PC. It works on Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista, and even XP. RELATED: It’s not complicated to use: After setting it up, you just have to enter your encryption password each time you boot your PC. You use your computer normally after it boots. VeraCrypt handles the encryption in the background, and everything else happens transparently. It can also, but we’re focusing on encrypting your system drive here. VeraCrypt is a project based on the source code of the old TrueCrypt software, which was discontinued. VeraCrypt has a variety of bug fixes and supports modern PCs with EFI system partitions, a configuration many Windows 10 PCs use.
How to Install VeraCrypt and Encrypt your System Drive Download to get started. Run the installer and select the “Install” option. You can keep all the default settings in the installer—just click through it until VeraCrypt is installed on your computer. Once VeraCrypt is installed, open your Start menu and launch the “VeraCrypt” shortcut. Click System Encrypt System Partition/Drive in the VeraCrypt window to get started.
You’ll be asked whether you want to use “Normal” or “Hidden” system encryption. The Normal option encrypts the system partition or drive normally. When you boot your computer, you’ll have to provide your encryption password to access it. No one will be able to access your files without your password.
The Hidden option creates an operating system in a hidden VeraCrypt volume. You’ll have both a “real” operating system, which is hidden, and a “decoy” operating system. When you boot your PC, you can enter the real password to boot your hidden operating system or the password to the decoy operating system to boot the decoy operating system.
If someone is forcing you to provide access to your encrypted drive—due to extortion, for example—you can provide them with the password to the decoy operating system and they shouldn’t be able to tell there’s a hidden operating system at all. In terms of encryption, using “Normal” encryption keeps your files just as secure. A “Hidden” volume only helps if you’re forced to disclose your password to someone and want to maintain plausible deniability about the existence of any other files. If you’re not sure which you want, select “Normal” and continue. We’ll be going through the process of creating a normal encrypted system partition here, as that’s what most people will want. Consult VeraCrypt’s documentation for.
You can choose to either “Encrypt the Windows system partition” or “Encrypt the whole drive”. It’s up to you which option you prefer. If the Windows system partition is the only partition on the drive, the options will be basically the same. If you just want to encrypt your Windows system partition and leave the rest of the drive alone, choose “Encrypt the Windows system partition”. If you have multiple partitions with sensitive data—for example, a system partition at C: and a files partition at D:—select “Encrypt the whole drive” to ensure all your Windows partitions are encrypted. VeraCrypt will ask how many operating systems you have on your PC. Most people only have a single operating system installed and should choose “Single-boot”.
If you have more than one operating system installed and you choose between them when you boot your computer, select “Multi-boot”. You’ll then be asked to choose which type of encryption you want to use. While there are multiple options available, we recommend sticking with the default settings. “AES” encryption and the “SHA-256” hash algorithm are good choices. They’re all solid encryption schemes. You’ll then be asked to enter a password. As VeraCrypt’s wizard notes, it’s very important to choose a good password.
Choosing an obvious or simple password will make your encryption vulnerable to. RELATED: The wizard recommends choosing a password of 20 more more characters. You can enter a password of up to 64 characters. An ideal password is a random combination of different types of characters, including upper and lower case letters, numbers, and symbols. You’ll lose access to your files if you ever lose the password, so make sure you remember it. If you need them.
There are a few more options here, but they’re not necessary. You can leave these options alone unless you want to use them:. Use keyfiles: You can choose to enable “” and provide some files that must be present—for example, on a USB drive—when unlocking your drive. If you ever lose the files, you’ll lose access to your drive. Display password: This option just unhides the password in the password fields in this window, allowing you to confirm that what you’ve typed is correct. Use PIM: VeraCrypt allows you to set a “Personal Iterations Multiplier” by enabling the “” checkbox.
A higher value can help prevent against brute force attacks. You’ll also need to remember whatever number you enter and enter it alongside your password, giving you something else to remember in addition to your password. Select any of these options if you want them and click Next. VeraCrypt will ask you to move your mouse randomly around inside the window. It uses these random mouse movements to increase the strength of your encryption keys. When you’ve filled up the meter, click “Next”. The wizard will inform you it’s generated the encryption keys and other data it needs.
Click “Next” to continue. The VeraCrypt wizard will force you to create a VeraCrypt Rescue Disk image before continuing. If your bootloader or other data ever gets damaged, you must boot from the rescue disk if you want to decrypt and access your files. The disk will also continue a backup image of the contents of the beginning of the drive, which will allow you to restore it if necessary. Note that you’ll still need to provide your password when using the rescue disk, so it isn’t a golden key that allows access to all your files. VeraCrypt will simply create a rescue disk ISO image at C: Users NAME Documents VeraCrypt Rescue Disk.iso by default.
You’ll need to yourself. Be sure to burn a copy of the rescue disk so you can access your files if there’s ever a problem.
You can’t just reuse the same VeraCrypt rescue disk on multiple computers. You need a unique rescue disk for each PC!
Consult VeraCrypt’s documentation for. Next, you’ll be asked for the “wipe mode” you want to use. If you have sensitive data on your drive and you’re concerned someone might attempt to, you should select at least “1-pass (random data)” to overwrite your unencrypted data with random data, making it difficult to impossible to recover. If you’re not concerned about this, select “None (fastest)”. It’s faster not to wipe the drive. The larger the number of passes, the longer the encryption process will take.
This setting only applies to the initial setup process. After your drive is encrypted, VeraCrypt won’t need to overwrite any encrypted data to protect against data recovery. VeraCrypt will now verify everything is working correctly before it encrypts your drive. Click “Test” and VeraCrypt will install the VeraCrypt bootloader on your PC and restart.
You’ll have to enter your encryption password when it boots. VeraCrypt will provide information about what to do if Windows doesn’t start. If Windows doesn’t start properly, you should restart your PC and press the “Esc” key on your keyboard at the VeraCrypt bootloader screen. Windows should start and ask if you want to uninstall the VeraCrypt bootloader. If that doesn’t work, you should insert the VeraCrypt rescue disk into your PC and.
Select Repair Options Restore Original System Loader in the rescue disk interface. Restart your PC afterwards. Click “OK” and then click “Yes” to restart your PC. You’ll have to enter your VeraCrypt encryption password when your PC boots.
If you didn’t enter a custom PIM number, just press “Enter” at the PIM prompt to accept the default. Sign into your PC when the normal welcome screen appears.You should see a “Pretest Completed” window. RELATED: VeraCrypt advises that you have. If the system loses power or crashes, some of your files will be irreversibly corrupted. It’s always important to have backup copies of your important files, especially when encrypting your system drive. If you need to back up your files, click the “Defer” button and back up the files. You can then relaunch VeraCrypt later and click System Resume Interrupted Process to resume the encryption process.
Click the “Encrypt” button to actually encrypt your PC’s system drive. VeraCrypt will provide information about when you should use the rescue disk. After it does, it will begin the process of encrypting your hard drive. When the process is complete, your drive will be encrypted and you’ll have to enter your password each time you boot your PC. If you decide you want to remove the system encryption in the future, launch the VeraCrypt interface and click System Permanently Decrypt System Partition/Drive.
. Floarea NASTASE 2006-01-01 Full Text Available Reforms in electronic business have presented new opportunities to use smart card technology as an enabling tool. The network-centric applications, where resources are located throughout the Internet and access to them is possible from any location, require authenticated access and secured transactions. Smart cards represent an ideal solution: they offers an additional layer of electronic security and information assurance for user authentication, confidentiality, non-repudiation, information integrity, physical access control to facilities, and logical access control to an computer systems. Dreamgirls london cast recording. Home; Journals; Resonance – Journal of Science Education. Rajeev Sangal. Articles written in Resonance – Journal of Science Education.
Volume 13 Issue 5 May 2008 pp 487-489 Book Review. Behavioural View of Language Acquisition Rajeev Sangal More Details Fulltext PDF. Zuzack, Christine A.
1997-01-01 Enhanced magnetic strip cards and ' smart cards' offer varied service options to college students. Enhanced magnetic strip cards serve as cash cards and provide access to services. Smart cards, which resemble credit cards but contain a microchip, can be used as phone cards, bus passes, library cards, admission tickets, point-of-sale debit. Fickes, Michael 2000-01-01 Discusses the evolution of smart cards from digital signatures and other innovations into the realm of magnetic-stripe cards to expand their applications. Examples of magnetic-strip smart card usage are examined. (GR). Dunbar, Laura 2015-01-01 Icons are frequently used in the music classroom to depict concepts in a developmentally appropriate way for students.
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SmartBoards provide music educators yet another way to share these manipulatives with students. This article provides a step-by-step tutorial to create Smart Icon Cards using the folk song 'Lucy Locket.'
. 2009-01-01 M.Sc. A Smart Card looks like a normal plastic card that we use every day, but its capabilities and advantages are huge. Inside the card there is a small microprocessor capable of doing operations on data.
With memory available on the card, data can be stored in a safe and secure location. This card can be used for various applications and is a big improvement on all of its predecessors. These applications can be anything from SIM cards in a cell phone to credit cards and cards used for ac. Ellson, Richard N.; Ray, Lawrence A. 1996-02-01 ' Smart cards' are plastic cards the size of credit cards which contain integrated circuits for the storage of digital information. The applications of these cards for image storage has been growing as card data capacities have moved from tens of bytes to thousands of bytes.
This has prompted the recommendation of standards by the X3B10 committee of ANSI for inclusion in ISO standards for card image storage of a variety of image data types including digitized signatures and color portrait images. This paper will review imaging requirements of the smart card industry, challenges of image storage for small memory devices, card image communications, and the present status of standards. The paper will conclude with recommendations for the evolution of smart card image standards towards image formats customized to the image content and more optimized for smart card memory constraints. I Putu Agus Swastika; Siti Saibah Pua Luka; Yanno Dwi Ananda 2012-01-01 Opportunity to development smart card -based application is quite large as the need for smart card technology in various fields of both business and government agencies and BUMN. One brand that is widely used smart card is a smart card type from a vendor production NFC ACR122U ACS (Advanced Card System Limited) because prices are relatively affordable, but fairly tough. At the Thesis is done, the ACS (Advanced Card System Limited) as a manufacturer of smart card vendor type. Aussel, Jean-Daniel; D'Annoville, Jerome; Castillo, Laurent; Durand, Stephane; Fabre, Thierry; Lu, Karen; Ali, Asad Smart cards are widely used to provide security in end-to-end communication involving servers and a variety of terminals, including mobile handsets or payment terminals.
Sometime, end-to-end server to smart card security is not applicable, and smart cards must communicate directly with an application executing on a terminal, like a personal computer, without communicating with a server. In this case, the smart card must somehow trust the terminal application before performing some secure operation it was designed for. This paper presents a novel method to remotely trust a terminal application from the smart card. For terminals such as personal computers, this method is based on an advanced secure device connected through the USB and consisting of a smart card bundled with flash memory. This device, or USB dongle, can be used in the context of remote untrusting to secure portable applications conveyed in the dongle flash memory. White-box cryptography is used to set the secure channel and a mechanism based on thumbprint is described to provide external authentication when session keys need to be renewed. Although not as secure as end-to-end server to smart card security, remote entrusting with smart cards is easy to deploy for mass-market applications and can provide a reasonable level of security.
Nelson, R.A. 1994-02-01 Smart card systems are most cost efficient when implemented as a distributed system, which is a system without central host interaction or a local database of card numbers for verifying transaction approval. A distributed system, as such, presents special card and user authentication problems. Fortunately, smart cards offer processing capabilities that provide solutions to authentication problems, provided the system is designed with proper data integrity measures. Smart card systems maintain data integrity through a security design that controls data sources and limits data changes. A good security design is usually a result of a system analysis that provides a thorough understanding of the application needs.
Once designers understand the application, they may specify authentication techniques that mitigate the risk of system compromise or failure. Current authentication techniques include cryptography, passwords, challenge/response protocols, and biometrics. The security design includes these techniques to help prevent counterfeit cards, unauthorized use, or information compromise. This paper discusses card authentication and user identity techniques that enhance security for microprocessor card systems.
It also describes the analysis process used for determining proper authentication techniques for a system. Rienhoff, O 2001-10-01 Since the early 1980-ties it has been tried to utilise smart cards in health care. All industrialised countries participated in those efforts. The most sustainable analyses took place in Europe-specifically in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany.
The first systems installed (the service access cards in F and G, the Health Professional Card in F) are already conceptionally outdated today. The senior understanding of the great importance of smart cards for security of electronic communication in health care does contrast to a hesitating behaviour of the key players in health care and health politics in Germany. There are clear hints that this may relate to the low informatics knowledge of current senior management.
McClannan, Keith 2002-01-01 Smart card technology is essentially about a credit card with a brain, Smart cards have an embedded microchip that allows the card to hold digital data up to the available memory installed on the card. McClannan, Keith 2001-01-01 Smart card technology is essentially about a credit card with a brain. Smart cards have an embedded microchip that allows the card to hold digital data up to the available memory installed on the card. Quisquater, Jean-Jacques; Samyde, David 2003-06-01 In 1998, Paul Kocher showed that when a smart card computes cryptographic algorithms, for signatures or encryption, its consumption or its radiations leak information. The keys or the secrets hidden in the card can then be recovered using a differential measurement based on the intercorrelation function.
A lot of silicon manufacturers use desynchronization countermeasures to defeat power analysis. In this article we detail a new resynchronization technic. This method can be used to facilitate the use of a neural network to do the code recognition. It becomes possible to reverse engineer a software code automatically.
Using data and clock separation methods, we show how to optimize the synchronization using signal processing. Then we compare these methods with watermarking methods for 1D and 2D signal. The very last watermarking detection improvements can be applied to signal processing for smart cards with very few modifications. Bayesian processing is one of the best ways to do Differential Power Analysis, and it is possible to extract a PIN code from a smart card in very few samples. So this article shows the need to continue to set up effective countermeasures for cryptographic processors.
Although the idea to use advanced signal processing operators has been commonly known for a long time, no publication explains that results can be obtained. The main idea of differential measurement is to use the cross-correlation of two random variables and to repeat consumption measurements on the processor to be analyzed. We use two processors clocked at the same external frequency and computing the same data.
The applications of our design are numerous. Two measurements provide the inputs of a central operator. With the most accurate operator we can improve the signal noise ratio, re-synchronize the acquisition clock with the internal one, or remove jitter.
The analysis based on consumption or electromagnetic measurements can be improved using our structure. At first sight. Wiens, Janet 2001-01-01 Discusses how to implement a smart card system at a college or university, and explains what smart cards are, their potential applications, benefits, and costs. Provides a resource for obtaining additional information about smart cards. (GR). Hartel, Pieter H.; Bartlett, J.; de Jong, Eduard K. The operating system of an IC card should provide an appropriate interface to applications using IC cards.
An incorrect choice of operations and data renders the card inefficient and cumbersome. The design principles of the UNIX operating system are most appropriate for IC card operating system. Wiens, Janet 2001-01-01 Discusses how to run a successful smart card program through a comprehensive approach that includes a detailed plan for the present and future, high level support from school administration, and extensive user input.
Florida State University is used to illustrate a successfully implemented smart card program. (GR). Glaser, I; Green, Shlomo; Dimkov, Ilan 2006-03-15 An optical secure short-range communication system is presented. The mobile unit (optical smart card) of this system utilizes a retroreflector with an optical modulator, using light from the stationary unit; this mobile unit has very low power consumption and can be as small as a credit card.
Such optical smart cards offer better security than RF-based solutions, yet do not require physical contact. Results from a feasibility study model are included. Akram, Raja Naeem; Markantonakis, Konstantinos; Mayes, Keith 2010-01-01 International audience; Multi-application smart card technology facilitates applications to securely share their data and functionality. The security enforcement and assurance in application sharing is provided by the smart card firewall. The firewall mechanism is well defined and studied in the Issuer Centric Smart Card Ownership Model (ICOM), in which a smart card is under total control of its issuer.
However, it is not analysed in the User Centric Smart Card Ownership Model (UCOM) that del. Hamed Taherdoost; Shamsul Sahibuddin; Neda Jalaliyoon 2011-01-01 Newly, smart card technology are being used in a number of ways around the world, on the otherhand, security has become significant in information technology, especially in those applicationinvolving data sharing and transactions through the internet. Furthermore, researches ininformation technology acceptance have identified the security as one of the factor that caninfluence on smart card adoption. This research is chiefly to study the security principals of smartcard and assess the securit. Baruni, Kedimotse P 2016-12-01 Full Text Available Fingerprint Match-on- Card (MoC) offers the highest degree of privacy and security to cardholders as the fingerprint never leaves the secure environment of a smart card. The level of security of a biometric system is evaluated by the location where.
Lindley, R A; Pacheco, F 1995-01-01 Recent innovations in microelectronics and advances in cryptography are driving the appearance of a new generation of smart cards with wider applications; this has important repercussions for our society in the coming years. Essentially, these breakthroughs include built-in microprocessors capable of generating cryptographic transactions (e.g.,Jelectronic blinded signatures, digital pseudonyms, and digital credentials), developments toward a single electronic card offering multi-access to services such as transport, telecommunications, health, financial, and entertainment (Universal Access Services), and incorporation of personal identification technologies such as voice, eye, or skin pattern recognition. For example, by using electronic representatives or cryptographic blinded signatures, a smart card can be used for multi transactions across different organizations and under different generated pseudonyms. These pseudonyms are capable of recognizing an individual unambiguously, while none of her records can be linked 1. Moreover, tamper-proof electronic observers would make smart cards a very attractive technology for high-security based applications, such as those in the health care field. New trends in smart card technology offer excellent privacy and confidentiality safeguards.
Therefore, smart cards constitute a promising technology for the health sector in Australia and other countries around the world in their pursuit of technology to support the delivery of quality care services. This paper addresses the main issues and the key design criteria which may be of strategic importance to the success of future smart card technology in the health care sector. Yohanes Chrisostomus Purba; Antonius Wibowo 2010-01-01 Pengaman sepeda motor yang berbentuk smart card terdiri dari bagian yang memuat chip EEPROM dan bagian pengaman smart card.
Pembacaan smart card didesain dan ditempatkan pada sepeda motor. Untuk pembacaan data chip SLE 4442, dan pembacaan data pengaman smart card digunakan mikrokontroler AT89S51.
Untuk pengaturan aktif maupun tidak aktifnya CDI, dan starter juga digunakan mikrokontroler AT89S51. Sistem pengaman sepeda motor akan menjadi aktif bila sepeda motor dalam keadaan mati. Onny Rafizan 2017-01-01 Smart card merupakan salah satu teknologi yang sudah banyak digunakan di Indonesia di berbagai sektor. Dari sisi teknologi, industri dalam negeri sebenarnya sudah mampu memproduksi smart card, sehingga industri ini sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan menuju kemandirian. Penelitian ini dilakukan sebagai bagian dalam USAha pemerintah untuk mendorong perkembangan industri smart card dalam negeri, dengan tujuan memberikan gambaran kondisi pasar smart card di Indonesia saat ini. Pengumpulan data p. Ward, Sherry R 2003-01-01 Smart cards are credit card-sized plastic cards, with an embedded dime-sized Integrated Circuit microprocessor chip.
Smart cards can be used for keyless entry, electronic medical records, etc. Health smart cards have been in limited use since 1982 in Europe and the United States, and several barriers including lack of infrastructure, low consumer confidence, competing standards, and cost continue to be addressed. Mark Furletti 2002-01-01 As part of the Payment Cards Center's series of discussion papers, this paper provides an overview of smart card technology and its potential for significantly increasing payment card functionality.
In addition to reviewing the current market for smart cards in the U.S., this paper examines the costs and barriers associated with their wide spread adoption. European and US smart card acceptance is compared. In addition, this paper provides background on the technological and infrastructure dev.
Nieberg, T. An industrial case study for scheduling the personalisation of smart cards is presented and analysed. Smart cards are personalised in several machines that are served by an underlying conveyor belt connecting these.
As there are usually a very high number of smart cards to be personalised, the focus. 2008-10-01 An internally developed ' smart card' and a kiosk equipped with an electronic reader have helped Wellington (FL) Regional Medical Center speed up its triage process considerably. The new technology is extremely popular with the staff, as well as with the patients. Here are some of its benefits: Patients who have the card don't need to provide a detailed history every time they visit the ED. Nurses don't have to type in the patient's medical information. It automatically 'populates' their computer screen.
Security is maintained, because the information is stored in a database, and not on the card. A smart card based billing system for petroleum dispenser is just one of the many ways in which smart cards can be employed to make commerce efficient. It incorporates the use of smart card as its legal tender and a smart card reader embedded into the filling station dispenser design. The smart card reader processes the.
Krohn, R W 2000-01-01 The wallet-sized medical smart card, embedded with a programmable computer chip, stores and transmits a cardholder's clinical, insurance coverage and biographical information. When fully deployed, smart cards will conduct many functions at the point of care, from claims submission to medical records updates in real time.
Ultimately, the smart card will make the individual patient record and all clinical and economic transactions within that patient log as portable, accessible and secure as an ATM account. Naszlady, A; Naszlady, J 1998-02-01 A validated health questionnaire has been used for the documentation of a patient's history (826 items) and of the findings from physical examination (591 items) in our clinical ward for 25 years.
This computerized patient record has been completed in EUCLIDES code (CEN TC/251) for laboratory tests and an ATC and EAN code listing for the names of the drugs permanently required by the patient. In addition, emergency data were also included on an EEPROM chipcard with a 24 kb capacity. The program is written in FOX-PRO language.
A group of 5000 chronically ill in-patients received these cards which contain their health data. For security reasons the contents of the smart card is only accessible by a doctor's PIN coded key card. The personalization of each card was carried out in our health center and the depersonalized alphanumeric data were collected for further statistical evaluation.
This information served as a basis for a real need assessment of health care and for the calculation of its cost. Code-combined with an optical card, a completely paperless electronic patient record system has been developed containing all three information carriers in medicine: Texts, Curves and Pictures. Chan, A T 2000-07-01 This paper highlights the benefits of combining the World Wide Web and smart card technologies to support a highly mobile health management framework. In particular, we describe an approach using the SmartCard-Web Gateway Interface (SGI) as a common interface to communicate and access the medical records residing in a smart card. Importantly, by employing HTTP as the baseline protocol to access information on the smart card, SGI promotes the use of de facto standard web browsers as the common client user interface.
The initial implementation of the framework has demonstrated the feasibility of the concept in facilitating a truly mobile access of patient's medical records based on SGI. Morris, S; Cooper, J; Bomba, D; Brankovic, L; Miller, M; Pacheco, F 1995-10-01 In this paper we give an overview of smart card technology how a smart card could be used as a healthcare card and the benefits that would most likely result from doing so. The smart card memory can be zoned into different security levels. The top security zone may contain an individual's full medical history while the lowest security zone may contain the cardholders name and address. Access to the different zones depends on the level of security of the zone. The higher the security level the more restrictive the access method.
Were smart cards adopted for the storage of medical histories it would change the form of medical information recorded, not merely convert paper files to electronic ones. Storage of an individual's medical history on a smart card raises important privacy issues. These privacy issues are discussed particularly as they relate to the Australian community.
Hartel, Pieter H.; Cordonnier, V.; de Jong, Eduard K.; Quisquater, J.J. 1994-01-01 The operating system of a smart card is a safety critical system. Distributed in millions, smart cards with their small 8-bit CPU support applications where transferred values are only protected by the strength of a cryptographic protocol. This strength goes no further than the implementation of the. Mohtaram Nematollahi 2014-01-01 Introduction: Nowadays different countries benefit from health system based on health cards and projects related to smart cards. Lack of facilities which cover this technology is obvious in our society. This paper aims to design Minimum Data Sets of Health Smart Card System for Iran.
Method: This research was an applied descriptive study. At first, we reviewed the same projects and guidelines of selected countries and the proposed model was designed in accordance to the country’s. de Jong, Eduard; Hartel, Pieter H.; Peyret, Patrice; Cattaneo, Peter 2005-01-01 To explain why the Java Card operating system has become the most successful smart card operating system to date, we analyze the realized features of the current Java Card version, we argue it could be enhanced by adding a number of intended features and we discuss a set of complementary features. Toma Cristian 2009-01-01 In this paper, are highlighted concepts as: complete Java card application, life cycle of an applet, and a practical electronic wallet sample implemented in Java card technology. As a practical approach it would be interesting building applets for ID, Driving License, Health-Insurance smart cards, for encrypt and digitally sign documents, for E-Commerce and for accessing critical resources in government and military field. The end of this article it is presented a java card electronic wallet. Dreifus, H.N.
1988-01-01 Smart Cards, integrated circuits embedded into credit cards, have been proposed for many computer and physical security applications. The cards have shown promise in improving both the security and monitoring of systems ranging from computer network identification through physical protection and access control.
With the increasing computational power embedded within these cards, advanced encryption techniques such as public key cryptography can now be realized, enabling more sophisticated uses. Karger, Paul A.; Toll, David C.; Palmer, Elaine R.; McIntosh, Suzanne K.; Weber, Samuel; Edwards, Jonathan W. Building a high-assurance, secure operating system for memory constrained systems, such as smart cards, introduces many challenges. The increasing power of smart cards has made their use feasible in applications such as electronic passports, military and public sector identification cards, and cell-phone based financial and entertainment applications. Such applications require a secure environment, which can only be provided with sufficient hardware and a secure operating system. We argue that smart cards pose additional security challenges when compared to traditional computer platforms. We discuss our design for a secure smart card operating system, named Caernarvon, and show that it addresses these challenges, which include secure application download, protection of cryptographic functions from malicious applications, resolution of covert channels, and assurance of both security and data integrity in the face of arbitrary power losses.
Lina, Zhang; Jiang, Meng Hai. Email has become one of the most important communication tools in modern internet society, and its security is an important issue that can't be ignored.
The security requirements of Email can be summarized as confidentiality, integrity, authentication and non-repudiation. Recently many researches on IBE (identify based encrypt) have been carried out to solve these security problems. However, because of IBE's fatal flaws and great advantages of PKI (Public Key Infrastructure), PKI is found to be still irreplaceable especially in the applications based on smart card.
In this paper, a construction of security Email is presented, then the design of relatively cryptography algorithms and the configuration of certificates are elaborated, and finally the security for the proposed system is discussed. Das, Ashok Kumar; Odelu, Vanga; Goswami, Adrijit 2014-01-01 In a remote user authentication scheme, a remote server verifies whether a login user is genuine and trustworthy, and also for mutual authentication purpose a login user validates whether the remote server is genuine and trustworthy. Several remote user authentication schemes using the password, the biometrics, and the smart card have been proposed in the literature. However, most schemes proposed in the literature are either computationally expensive or insecure against several known attacks. In this paper, we aim to propose a new robust and effective password-based remote user authentication scheme using smart card.
Our scheme is efficient, because our scheme uses only efficient one-way hash function and bitwise XOR operations. Through the rigorous informal and formal security analysis, we show that our scheme is secure against possible known attacks. We perform the simulation for the formal security analysis using the widely accepted AVISPA (Automated Validation Internet Security Protocols and Applications) tool to ensure that our scheme is secure against passive and active attacks. Furthermore, our scheme supports efficiently the password change phase always locally without contacting the remote server and correctly. In addition, our scheme performs significantly better than other existing schemes in terms of communication, computational overheads, security, and features provided by our scheme.
2016-11-01 Full Text Available Security checking can be improved by watermarking identity (ID images printed on smart cards plastic supports. The major challenge is resistance to attacks: printing the images on the plastic cards, durability and other attacks then scanning the image from the plastic card. In this work, a robust watermarking technique is presented in this context. It is composed of three main mechanisms.
The first is a watermarking algorithm based on the Fourier transform to cope with global geometric distortions. The second comprises a filter that reduces image blurring. The third attenuates color degradations. Experiments on 400 ID images show that the Wiener filter strongly improves the detection rate and outperforms competitive algorithms (blind deconvolution and unsharp filter. Color corrections also enhance the watermarking score. The whole scheme has a high efficiency and a low computational cost.
It makes it compatible with the desired industrial constraints, i.e. The watermark is to be invisible, the error rate must be lower than 1%, and the detection of the mark should be fast and simple for the user.
Wang, Y.; Homem de Almeida Correia, G.; de Romph, E.; Timmermans, H.J.P. 2017-01-01 A location choice model explains how travellers choose their trip destinations especially for those activities which are flexible in space and time.
The model is usually estimated using travel survey data; however, little is known about how to use smart card data (SCD) for this purpose in a public. Mi-Kyeong Kim 2018-03-01 Full Text Available With the incorporation of an automated fare-collection system into the management of public transportation, not only can the quality of transportation services be improved but also that of the data collected from users when coupled with smart-card technology. The data collected from smart cards provide opportunities for researchers to analyze big data sets and draw meaningful information out of them.
This study aims to identify the relationship between travel patterns derived from smart-card data and urban characteristics. Using seven-day transit smart-card data from the public-transportation system in Seoul, the capital city of the Republic of Korea, we investigated the temporal and spatial boarding and alighting patterns of the users. The major travel patterns, classified into five clusters, were identified by utilizing the K-Spectral Centroid clustering method. We found that the temporal pattern of urban mobility reflects daily activities in the urban area and that the spatial pattern of the five clusters classified by travel patterns was closely related to urban structure and urban function; that is, local environmental characteristics extracted from land-use and census data.
This study confirmed that the travel patterns at the citywide level can be used to understand the dynamics of the urban population and the urban spatial structure. We believe that this study will provide valuable information about general patterns, which represent the possibility of finding travel patterns from individuals and urban spatial traits. Wang, Y.; Correia, G.H.D.A.; Romph, E. De; Timmermans, H.J.P.H. 2017-01-01 A location choice model explains how travellers choose their trip destinations especially for those activities which are flexible in space and time.
The model is usually estimated using travel survey data; however, little is known about how to use smart card data (SCD) for this purpose in a public. Mechling, Linda C.; Gast, David L.; Thompson, Kimberly L. 2009-01-01 This study compared the effectiveness of SMART Board, interactive whiteboard technology and traditional flash cards in teaching reading in a small-group instructional arrangement.
Three students with moderate intellectual disabilities were taught to read grocery store aisle marker words under each condition. Observational learning (students. Hallberg, J; Hallberg, N; Timpka, T 2001-01-01 Conventional smart card-based authentication systems used in health care alleviate some of the security issues in user and system authentication. Existing models still do not cover all security aspects.
To enable new protective measures to be developed, an extended model of the authentication process is presented. This model includes a new entity referred to as secure server.
Assuming a secure server, a method where the smart card is aware of the status of the terminal integrity verification becomes feasible. The card can then act upon this knowledge and restrict the exposure of sensitive information to the terminal as required in order to minimize the risks. The secure server model can be used to illuminate the weaknesses of current approaches and the need for extensions which alleviate the resulting risks. Ching-Wei Ho 2015-08-01 Full Text Available Smart cards are able to store and protect relatively large amounts of data. In the nursery discography rar. When applied in universities, they can act as multi-purpose, multi-function and smart ID cards.
This would avoid the waste of resources and maintain environmental sustainability. This study proposes a model that integrates Technology Acceptance Model and Theory of Reasoned Action into a framework incorporating the notion of environmental concern in order to explore the factors that affect students’ behavioral intention to use University Smart Cards. This study employs a quantitative method for primary data collection via a structured questionnaire for university students. The findings indicated that the perceived usefulness and subjective norm of university smart card systems have the most significant predictive power on potential users’ attitudes and intentions of adopting the card. Lu, Yanrong; Li, Lixiang; Yang, Xing; Yang, Yixian 2015-01-01 Biometrics authenticated schemes using smart cards have attracted much attention in multi-server environments.
Several schemes of this type where proposed in the past. However, many of them were found to have some design flaws.
This paper concentrates on the security weaknesses of the three-factor authentication scheme by Mishra et al. After careful analysis, we find their scheme does not really resist replay attack while failing to provide an efficient password change phase. We further propose an improvement of Mishra et al.' S scheme with the purpose of preventing the security threats of their scheme.
We demonstrate the proposed scheme is given to strong authentication against several attacks including attacks shown in the original scheme. In addition, we compare the performance and functionality with other multi-server authenticated key schemes. Lee, Tian-Fu; Liu, Chuan-Ming 2013-06-01 A smart-card based authentication scheme for telecare medicine information systems enables patients, doctors, nurses, health visitors and the medicine information systems to establish a secure communication platform through public networks. Zhu recently presented an improved authentication scheme in order to solve the weakness of the authentication scheme of Wei et al., where the off-line password guessing attacks cannot be resisted. This investigation indicates that the improved scheme of Zhu has some faults such that the authentication scheme cannot execute correctly and is vulnerable to the attack of parallel sessions.
Additionally, an enhanced authentication scheme based on the scheme of Zhu is proposed. The enhanced scheme not only avoids the weakness in the original scheme, but also provides users' anonymity and authenticated key agreements for secure data communications. Yanrong Lu Full Text Available Biometrics authenticated schemes using smart cards have attracted much attention in multi-server environments. Several schemes of this type where proposed in the past. However, many of them were found to have some design flaws.
This paper concentrates on the security weaknesses of the three-factor authentication scheme by Mishra et al. After careful analysis, we find their scheme does not really resist replay attack while failing to provide an efficient password change phase. We further propose an improvement of Mishra et al.' S scheme with the purpose of preventing the security threats of their scheme. We demonstrate the proposed scheme is given to strong authentication against several attacks including attacks shown in the original scheme. In addition, we compare the performance and functionality with other multi-server authenticated key schemes.
1995-04-01 This project developed relevant information on existing and future, stored readable/writable data card technology for fare and toll payments. The project supports the FTA objective of developing a plan for a common standard card-based fare payment sy.
Song, Won 2001-01-01.) based on the Internet between the hospital and the pharmacy, on the public-key infrastructure, and on the concurrently parallel co-operation with both medical professional's and patient's smart cards. Zhengfeng, Huang; Pengjun, Zheng; Wenjun, Xu; Gang, Ren Road traffic status is significant for trip decision and traffic management, and thus should be predicted accurately.
A contribution is that we consider multi-modal data for traffic status prediction than only using single source data. With the substantial data from Ningbo Passenger Transport Management Sector (NPTMS), we wished to determine whether it was possible to develop Stacked Autoencoders (SAEs) for accurately predicting road traffic status from taxicab operating data and bus smart card data. We show that SAE performed better than linear regression model and Back Propagation (BP) neural network for determining the relationship between road traffic status and those factors. In a 26-month data experiment using SAE, we show that it is possible to develop highly accurate predictions (91% test accuracy) of road traffic status from daily taxicab operating data and bus smart card data.
Lee, Tian-Fu; Chang, I-Pin; Lin, Tsung-Hung; Wang, Ching-Cheng 2013-06-01 The integrated EPR information system supports convenient and rapid e-medicine services. A secure and efficient authentication scheme for the integrated EPR information system provides safeguarding patients' electronic patient records (EPRs) and helps health care workers and medical personnel to rapidly making correct clinical decisions.
Recently, Wu et al. Proposed an efficient password-based user authentication scheme using smart cards for the integrated EPR information system, and claimed that the proposed scheme could resist various malicious attacks. However, their scheme is still vulnerable to lost smart card and stolen verifier attacks. This investigation discusses these weaknesses and proposes a secure and efficient authentication scheme for the integrated EPR information system as alternative.
Compared with related approaches, the proposed scheme not only retains a lower computational cost and does not require verifier tables for storing users' secrets, but also solves the security problems in previous schemes and withstands possible attacks. Meijerink, R.; Meyer, G.E.
1997-01-01 In particular in an open market prepayment systems offer advantages for small-scale and large-scale consumers and energy utilities. The use of prepayment systems makes invoices superfluous and defaulters do not have to disconnected. By means of a smart card it is simple to register who made the purchase and to whom gas is supplied. The Dutch natural gas research institute Gastec plans a project to test the safety of prepayment systems. Yan Zhao 2018-01-01 Full Text Available The rapid development of information and network technologies motivates the emergence of various new computing paradigms, such as distributed computing, cloud computing, and edge computing. This also enables more and more network enterprises to provide multiple different services simultaneously. To ensure these services can only be accessed conveniently by authorized users, many password and smart card based authentication schemes for multiserver architecture have been proposed.
Recently, Truong et al. Introduced an identity based user authentication scheme on elliptic curve cryptography in multiserver environment and claimed that their scheme is secure against popular attacks. However, in this paper, we point out that their scheme suffers from offline password guessing and impersonation attack and fails to achieve security requirements of this kind of authentication scheme. Moreover, we put forward a new scheme to conquer security pitfalls in the above scheme. Security analysis indicates that the proposed scheme can be free from well-known attacks.
Performance discussion demonstrates that our scheme has advantages in terms of both security property and computation efficiency and thus is more desirable for practical applications in multiserver environment. Peitong Zhang 2017-01-01 Full Text Available Skip-stop operation is a low cost approach to improving the efficiency of metro operation and passenger travel experience. This paper proposes a novel method to optimize the skip-stop scheme for bidirectional metro lines so that the average passenger travel time can be minimized. Different from the conventional “A/B” scheme, the proposed Flexible Skip-Stop Scheme (FSSS can better accommodate spatially and temporally varied passenger demand. A genetic algorithm (GA based approach is then developed to efficiently search for the optimal solution. A case study is conducted based on a real world bidirectional metro line in Shenzhen, China, using the time-dependent passenger demand extracted from smart card data. It is found that the optimized skip-stop operation is able to reduce the average passenger travel time and transit agencies may benefit from this scheme due to energy and operational cost savings.
Analyses are made to evaluate the effects of that fact that certain number of passengers fail to board the right train (due to skip operation. Results show that FSSS always outperforms the all-stop scheme even when most passengers of the skipped OD pairs are confused and cannot get on the right train.
Wang, Ziyang; Hu, Yuxin; Zhu, Peng; Qin, Yong; Jia, Limin 2018-02-01 With the widespread implementation of smart cards and with more travel details being recorded, travel patterns can be studied more precisely and deeply. Although considerable attention has been paid to travel patterns, the relationship between travel patterns and the functional structure of a city is yet to be well understood. In this research, we study this relationship by analysing metro passenger trip data (in Beijing and Shenzhen in China and London in the United Kingdom), and we present two unprecedented findings. First, through averaging, a linear relationship is found to exist between individual travel distance and the distance between the origin and the city centre.
The underlying mechanism is a travel pattern we call 'ring aggregation', i.e., the daily movement of city passengers is aggregated into a ring (with approximately equal distances to the city centre). Then, for commuting trips, the daily travel pattern can be regarded as switching between the outer residential ring and the inner work ring. Second, this linear relationship and the ring aggregation pattern seem to be exclusive characteristics of metro systems (and may also fit other moderate- and long-distance transportation modes) but do not apply to short-distance transportation modes, such as bicycles and taxis. This finding implies that the ring aggregation pattern is a product of the relationship between travel patterns and the city functional structure at a large scope.
Dragoni, Nicola; Lostal, Eduardo; Gadyatskaya, Olga 2011-01-01, traditional approaches for information flow analysis are not suitable. We suggest the Security-by-Contract approach for loading time application certification on the card, that will enable the stakeholders with the means to ensure the compliance of every update of the card with their security policy. Describe an extension of the card security architecture to deal with verification for different types of updates and present a Java Card prototype implementation of the Policy Checker with performance measurements. Ebara, Mitsuhiro; Narain, Ravin; Idota, Naokazu; Kim, Young-Jin; Hoffman, John M; Uto, Koichiro; Aoyagi, Takao 2014-01-01 This book surveys smart biomaterials, exploring the properties, mechanics and characterization of hydrogels, particles, assemblies, surfaces, fibers and conjugates. Reviews applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioseparation and more. Nicklin, Julie L.
1993-01-01 Increasingly, colleges are offering affinity credit cards with attractive incentives as a marketing tool. Some in academe feel the trend may compromise educational objectives. Institutions may also face taxation on unrelated-business income generated through the cards. (MSE). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — Documentation for using and reading punched cards kept at the National Weather Records Center (NWRC, previous name for NCDC and NCEI). Many of these punched card.
2003-01-01 SMART COre Protection System(SCOPS) is designed with real-tims Digital Signal Processor(DSP) board and Network Interface Card(NIC) board. SCOPS has a Control Rod POSition (CRPOS) software module while Core Protection Calculator System(CPCS) consists of Core Protection Calculators(CPCs) and Control Element Assembly(CEA) Calculators(CEACs) in the commercial nuclear plant. It's not necessary to have a independent cabinets for SCOPS because SCOPS is physically very small. Then SCOPS is designed to share the cabinets with Plant Protection System(PPS) of SMART.
Therefor it's very easy to maintain the system because CRPOS module is used instead of the computer with operating system. Zhining, Li; Peng, Wang; Jianmin, Mei; Jianwei, Li; Fei, Teng In the vehicle's traditional fault diagnose system, we usually use a computer system with a A/D card and with many sensors connected to it. The disadvantage of this system is that these sensor can hardly be shared with control system and other systems, there are too many connect lines and the electro magnetic compatibility(EMC) will be affected. In this paper, smart speed sensor, smart acoustic press sensor, smart oil press sensor, smart acceleration sensor and smart order tracking sensor were designed to solve this problem. With the CAN BUS these smart sensors, fault diagnose computer and other computer could be connected together to establish a network system which can monitor and control the vehicle's diesel and other system without any duplicate sensor. The hard and soft ware of the smart sensor system was introduced, the oil press, vibration and acoustic signal are resampled by constant angle increment to eliminate the influence of the rotate speed.
After the resample, the signal in every working cycle could be averaged in angle domain and do other analysis like order spectrum. Cahill, Timothy P. 2007-01-01 In 'Pushing Plastic,' ('The New England Journal of Higher Education', Summer 2007), John Humphrey notes that many college administrators justify their credit card solicitations by suggesting that credit card access will help students learn to manage their own finances. Instead, credit card debt will teach thousands of students. Brockway, Jerry The manual, intended for use by adults and not in the high school classroom situation, presents material directed toward assisting in the reduction of credit card crime.
This teaching guide is organized in three sections which deal with the nature of and major reasons for credit card fraud, the types of hot card runners, and methods of reducing. Utes, M. 1994-01-01 The Port Card will be one link in the data acquisition system for the D0 Silicon Vertex Detector. This system consists of the following parts, starting at the detector: Silicon strip detectors are mounted in a spaceframe and wire-bonded to custom bare-die integrated circuits (SVX-II chips) that digitize the charge collected by the strips.
The 128-channel chips are mounted on a High-Density Interconnect (HDI) that consists of a small flex circuit that routes control signals and eight data bits for each of three to ten chips onto a common data bus. A cable then routes this bus approximately thirty feet out from the detector to the Port Card. The Port Card houses a commercial chipset that serializes the data in real time and converts the signal into laser light impulses that are then transmitted through a multi-mode optical fiber about 150 feet to a Silicon Acquisition and Readout board (SAR). Here, the data is transformed back to parallel electrical signals that are stored in one of several banks of FIFO memories.
The FIFOs place their data onto the VME backplane to a VME Buffer Driver (VBD) which stores the event data in buffers for eventual readout over a thirty-two signal ribbon cable to the Level Two Computers and subsequent tape storage. Control and sequencing of the whole operation starts with the Silicon Acquisition/Readout Controller (SARC) working in tandem with the D0 Clock System. The SARC resides in the same VME crate as the SARs, and transforms signals from the Trigger System into control codes distributed to the various Port Cards via optical fibers operating at 53 Mb/s.
It is through these control codes that data taking operations such as data-acquisition, digitization, readout, and various resets can be carried out. The Port Card receives the control codes and manipulates the SVX-II chips in the proper way to effect proper data taking. Winrar 64-bit free download.
There will be a total of about 700,000 channels, which translates into about 5580 SVX-II chips, 66 to 100 Port Cards.