Want to get a better night’s sleep? Most of us do. For IT admins, it’s all too easy to lie in bed at night haunted by the fear of waking up to learn that your organization just got hacked.
Or maybe you’re worrying about how you’ll find enough time to configure all those new switches, routers and access points. Enter Cisco Software-Defined Access Automation helps to alleviate both these concerns, along with a lot of other challenges that keep IT managers up at night.
One tool that can bring to life the benefits of automation is ‘s SD-Access, which takes the key features and benefits of its software-defined networking (SDN) solution for data centers and extends them to campus environments. Cisco says, while reducing network provisioning costs by 67 percent. The five major benefits of SD-Access are the following:. Streamlined network design with automation. Easier network provisioning with fewer clicks using DNA Center., creating boundaries between Internet of Things (IoT) devices and corporate devices. Secure network access policies that follow the users and devices, regardless of their location.
Quick resolution of network issues using analytics Getting Started with SD-Access These will be big changes, which may make them feel as intimidating as they are welcome. That’s why Cisco often refers to SD-Access as a journey: an overhaul that institutions can tackle step by step. To help IT departments navigate that journey, I recommend a four-step process:.
Identify which parts of the network are ready for SD-Access. These include Cisco Catalyst 9000 switches, ISR4000 Integrated Services Routers and Cisco 802.11ac Wave 2 wireless access points. Implement the ISE and Stealthwatch to enforce policies and enable the network to act as a sensor. Adopt the DNA-Center controller to support network design, automation, easy provisioning and policy creation.
Gain insight using Network Data Platform built into the DNA Center Appliance. Analyze data to proactively resolve network issues quicker The journey lets you transition your network one step at a time and ensures that you have all the right pieces in place for when your organization is ready for SD-Access. Many admins find that implementing a proof of concept SD-Access in stages helps them get comfortable with automation on a small scale before they expand it.
In my opinion, is reaching a tipping point. Organizations are preparing for a new way to manage their networks, making them more efficient, easier to control and inherently secure. With Cisco SD-Access you’ll have visibility into who is on your network, be able to control what they have access to, and ensure quick and reliable access to business applications. This blog post brought to you.
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Project 10: Hacking a PPTP VPN with Asleap (25 pts.) Project 10: Hacking a PPTP VPN with Asleap (25 pts.) What You Need. A Kali 2 Linux virtual machine. A Windows Server 2008 virtual machine. A Windows 7 virtual machine. Your Kali machine must have VMware Tools installed. The Kali images I handed out already have the tools installed, but if yours doesn't, see instructions. Purpose PPTP is an old VPN protocol, known to be insecure.
In its simplest form, PPTP uses MS-CHAPv2 to transmit password information over the network. Moxie Marlinspike has set up a cloud service that performs a complete brute-force attack to recover any password sent via MS-CHAPv2 for $200. However, we don't have $200 to spend, so we'll settle for a weaker attack using a dictionary of the top 10,000 passwords. The point is clear-PPTP with MS-CHAPv2 is unsafe to use. Even an attacker with very modest means can steal passwords from it. This project uses the following tools:. Windws 2008 Server Manager.
The Windows Command Line ARP Utility. Linux Bash Shell Scripting. Arpspoof to perform ARP Cache Poisoning. Wireshark on Linux. Chap2Asleap.py - a front-end to crack PPTP data using Joshua Wright's Asleap tool Task 1: Making a Windows Server 2008 PPTP VPN Server Configuring Network Adapters Power down the Windows 2008 server from the Start button. Open Virtual Machine Settings and add a second Ethernet adapter.
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In Virtual Machine Settings, configure Network Adapter 1 to use NAT and Network Adapter 2 to use a private Host-Only network, as shown below. Start the Windows 2008 Server virtual machine and log in as Administrator with the password P@ssw0rd. Troubleshooting If you are using the Win 2008 I handed out in class, and your virtual machine cannot start, saying that no operating system was found, go into VMware settings and remove the 102 MB hard disk. Search for Network. Open ' Network and Sharing Center'.
Click ' Manage Network Connections'. Right-click ' Local Area Connection' and click Properties. Double-click ' Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IP)'. Configure the adapter to ' Obtain an IP address automatically' and ' Obtain DNS server address automatically', as shown below.
Right-click ' Local Area Connection 2' and click Properties. Double-click ' Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IP)'. Configure the adapter with these settings, as shown below. IP address: 10.0.0.1. Subnet mask: 255.0.0.0. Default gateway: leave blank.
Preferred DNS server: 8.8.8.8 Click OK. Adding the Network Policy and Access Server Role Click Start, ' Administrative Tools', ' Server Manager'. In Server Manager, in the right pane, scroll down to the 'Roles Summary' section, as shown below, and click ' Add Roles'. In the 'Add Roles Wizard', click Next. In the 'Select Server Roles' page, check ' Network Policy and Access Server', as shown below.
In the 'Select Role Services' page, check ' Network Policy Server' and ' Routing and Remote Access Services', as shown below. Click Install. When you see an 'Installation succeeded' message, as shown below, click Close. Configuring Routing and Remote Access In Server Manager, in the left pane, expand ' Server Manager', expand Roles, and expand ' Network Policy and Access Services'. Right-click ' Routing and Remote Access' and click ' Configure and Enable Routing and Remote Access', as shown below. In the 'Welcome to the Routing and Remote Access Server Setup Wizard' screen, click Next.
In the 'Configuration' screen, click ' Custom Configuration, as shown below, and click Next. In the 'Custom Configuration' screen, check ' VPN access', as shown below, and click Next. Click Finish. In the message box that appears click ' Start Service'.
Configure a Policy to Allow VPN Connections In Server Manager, in the left pane, right-click on ' Remote Access Logging and Policies', as shown below, and click ' Launch NPS'. In Network Policy Server, in the left pane, click ' Network Policies'.
In the right pane, near the top, right-click ' Connections to Microsoft Routing and Remote Access server' policy and click Properties. In the center of the 'Connections to Microsoft Routing and Remote Access server Properties' sheet, click ' Grant Access' as shown below. Close the 'Network Policy Server' window. Enable IPv4 Packet Forwarding In Server Manager, in the left pane, right-click ' Routing and Remote Access' and click Properties, as shown below. On the General tab, check the ' IPv4 Router box.
Make sure that ' Local area network (LAN) routing only' is selected, as shown below. Check the ' IPv4 Remote access server' box, as shown below. Click the IPv4 tab. Check the ' Enable IPv4 Forwarding' box, as shown below. The changes you made require the 'Routing and Remote Acccess' server to restart. Click Yes to restart the server.
Activating NAT In Server Manager, in the left pane, expand IPv4. In the IPv4 section, right-click General, as shown below, and click ' New Routing Protocol'.
In the 'New Routing Protocol' box, click NAT, as shown below. In the left pane of Server Manager, in the IPv4 section, right-click NAT, and click ' New Interface', as shown below.
In the 'New Interface for IPNAT' box, click ' Local Area Connection 2', the interface that connects to your private intranet, and then click OK, as shown below. In 'Local Area Connection 2 Properties', click ' Private interface connected to private network', as shown below. Then click OK, and click OK again.
Right-click NAT, and click ' New Interface' again. In the 'New Interface for IPNAT' box, click ' Local Area Connection', and then click OK, In 'Local Area Connection 2 Properties', click ' Public interface connected to the Internet' and ' Enable NAT on this interface', as shown below. Then click OK. Create the vpnuser Account In Server Manager, in the left pane, expand Configuration, expand ' Local Users and Groups', and click Users. In the right pane, right-click an empty portion of the screen and click ' New User', as shown below. In the New User box, enter these values, as shown below. User name: vpnuser.
Password: Bond007. Confirm password: Bond007. Clear the 'User must change password at next login' box. Check the 'Password never expires' box NOTE: Use the exact password 'Bond007'. If you use some other password, the attack might fail because the password is not in the dictionary. Click Create.
Starting the Routing and Remote Access Server In Server Manager, in the left pane, right-click ' Routing and Remote Access' and click ' All Tasks', Start, as shown below. Configuring the Server to use MS-CHAP2 This is an insecure choice, but it's easier to set up. In Server Manager, in the left pane, right-click ' Routing and Remote Access' and click Properties. In the 'Routing and Remote Access Properties' sheet, click the ' Authentication Methods' button. In the 'Authentication Methods' box, clear the 'Extensible authentication protocol (EAP)' box, so that only ' Microsoft encrypted authentication version 2 (MS-CHAP-v2)' is checked, as shown below.
Task 2: Connecting from a Windows 7 Client Start your Windows 7 virtual machine. Log in as usual. In Virtual Machine Settings, configure its network adapter to use a private Host-Only network.
Search for Network. Open ' Network and Sharing Center'.
Click ' Change adapter settings'. Right-click ' Local Area Connection' and click Properties. Double-click ' Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IP)'. Configure the adapter with these settings, as shown below. IP address: 10.0.0.2. Subnet mask: 255.0.0.0. Default gateway: leave blank.
Preferred DNS server: 8.8.8.8 Click OK. In the 'Network Connections' window, in the top left, click the back arrow to return to 'Network and Sharing Center'. In the center of the window, in the lower portion, click ' Set up a new connection or network', as shown below. In the 'Choose a connection option' box, click ' Connect to a workplace', as shown below.
In the 'Connect to a workplace' box, click ' Use my Internet connection (VPN)', as shown below. In the next box, click ' I'll set up an Internet connection later'. In the 'Type the Internet address to connect to' box, enter an Internet address of 10.0.0.1, as shown below. Then click Next. In the 'Type your user name and password' box, enter these values, as shown below. User name: vpnuser. Password: Bond007.
Check the 'Remember this password' box Then click Create. A message appears, saying 'You are connected', as shown below. Viewing the Connection on the Server In the Windows Server 2008 machine, in Server Manager, in the left pane, click ' Remote Access Clients'. In the right pane, you should see a connected machine, as shown below. Saving a Screen Image Make sure the connected client is visible, as shown above.
Click on the host system's desktop to make it active. Press the PrintScrn key to copy the whole desktop to the clipboard. YOU MUST SUBMIT A FULL-SCREEN IMAGE FOR FULL CREDIT! Paste the image into Paint. Save the document with the filename ' YOUR NAME Proj 10a', replacing 'YOUR NAME' with your real name.
Viewing the ARP Cache On your Windows 7 virtual machine, click Start. In the Search results, right-click ' Command Prompt' and click ' Run as Administrator', as shown below. If a 'User Account Control' box pops up, click Yes. In the Administrator Command Prompt window, execute this command: arp -a You should see an entry showing the Internet Address 10.0.0.1 corresponding to a Physical Address, as shown below.
Your Physical Address will be different from mine-it's your Windows Server 2008 machine. Clearing the ARP Cache On your Windows 7 machine, click Start. Search for Network. Open ' Network and Sharing Center'.
Click ' Change adapter settings'. Right-click ' VPN Connection' and click Disconnect. In the Administrator Command Prompt window, execute these command: arp -d. arp -a The entry for 10.0.0.1 is gone, as shown below. Task 3: Attacking from Kali Downloading Chap2asleap and a Wordlist Start Kali 2. Log in as usual.
Connect to the Internet. Execute these commands to download the hacking tool we need, and a list of the 10,000 most common passwords: wget curl words.dat head words.dat You see the first 10 passwords, as shown below. Troubleshooting If those download links don't work, use these: curl chap2asleap.py wget Adding Passwords with Initial Caps These passwords contain only lowercase letters. To make a more realistic wordlist, we need to include passwords with an initial capital letter. We'll do that with Bash commands, as you've done previously. First we'll work with only the first 10 words to develop the command, and then run it on the complete list.
Execute this command to select words that start with a letter: head words.dat grep '^a-z.' The desired passwords appear, as shown below. Execute this command to convert the first letters of those passwords to uppercase: head words.dat grep '^a-z.' sed -r 's/(:lower:)/ U 1/' The desired passwords appear, as shown below.
Execute these commands to put all the capitalized passwords into a file named Words.dat, and examine the files: cat words.dat grep '^a-z.' sed -r 's/(:lower:)/ U 1/' Words.dat ls -l The new file Words.dat is somewhat smaller than words.dat, because it excludes passwords that begin with a numeral, as shown below. Execute these commands to put all the passwords in a file named allwords.dat, and examine the files: cat words.dat Words.dat allwords.dat ls -l The new file allwords.dat has a length equal to the sum of the two files 'words.dat' and 'Words.dat', as shown below.
Adjusting Kali's Networking In Virtual Machine Settings, configure the Kali machine to use the private Host-only network, as shown below. In Kali, in a Terminal window, execute these commands to assign an appropriate IP address to eth0 and test the networking: ifconfig eth0 10.0.0.3/8 ping 10.0.0.1 You should see replies, as shown below. If you don't, make sure the Windows 2008 Server's firewall is off. Press Ctrl+C to stop the pings. Enabling Packet Forwarding on Kali In Kali, in a Terminal window, execute this command to enable packet forwarding.
If you don't do this, the man-in-the-middle attack below will prevent all networking and become a denial-of-service attack instead: echo 1 /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ipforward Start ARP Poisoning In Kali, in a Terminal window, execute this command to send bogus ARP replies to the Windows 7 target, redirecting all traffic to the VPN server to the Kali machine: arpspoof -i eth0 -t 10.0.0.2 -r 10.0.0.1 You see lines of text describing each packet, as shown below. Leave this window open so the ARP replies continue to go out. Examining the ARP Cache on the Windows 7 Machine On your Windows 7 virtual machine, in the Administrator Command Prompt window, execute these commands: ping 10.0.0.1 ping 10.0.0.3 arp -a The Physical Address should be the same for both those IP addresses, as shown below. This is incorrect, of course, and it shows that the ARP poisoning has worked and tricked the Windows 7 machine into sending its traffic to the wrong machine.
Saving a Screen Image Make sure you can see two identical Physical Addresses for different IP Addresses, as shown above. Click on the host system's desktop to make it active. Press the PrintScrn key to copy the whole desktop to the clipboard. YOU MUST SUBMIT A FULL-SCREEN IMAGE FOR FULL CREDIT! Paste the image into Paint. Save the document with the filename ' YOUR NAME Proj 10b', replacing 'YOUR NAME' with your real name. Capturing a Challenge and Response with Wireshark On Kali, open a new Terminal window and execute this command: wireshark A 'Lua error' box appears.
A box warns us that running as root is dangerous. We laugh at danger. In Wireshark, click eth0 and click Start. In the Filter box, type: chap and press Enter. The packet list should be empty, as shown below. Preparing the Command Now you need to build a long command. Open a text editor such as Notepad on your host system and paste in the following command: python chap2asleap.py -u vpnuser -c CHALLENGE -r RESPONSE -x -p /usr/bin -d./allwords.dat This command will use our 'allwords.dat' dictionary file and try all those passwords to match the CHALLENGE and RESPONSE strings we get from Wireshark.
At this point, your text editor should look like this: Connecting to the VPN On your Windows 7 machine, click Start. Search for Network. Open ' Network and Sharing Center'. Click ' Change adapter settings'. Right-click ' VPN Connection' and click Connect. A box pops up. Click Connect.
Getting the Challenge and Response from Wireshark On Kali, the Wireshark window now shows some CHAP packets, as shown below. Click the red square icon to stop the packet capture.
In the top pane of Wireshark, click a Challenge packet. In the middle pane, expand PPP. Click on Value to highlight it, as shown below. Right-click on Value and click Copy, Bytes, ' Hex Stream', as shown below. On your host system, in the text editor, paste that hex stream in the place of CHALLENGE. Your text editor should now resemble this image: In the top pane of Wireshark, click a Response packet.
In the middle pane, click on Value. Right-click on Value and click Copy, Bytes, ' Hex Stream', as shown below. On your host system, in the text editor, paste that hex stream in the place of RESPONSE. Your text editor should now resemble this image: Running the Attack Copy the whole command from your text editor and paste it into a Terminal window in Kali. The attack should succeed immediately, finding the password, as shown below. Notice how fast it was-this took only 0.06 seconds. We could easily use a much larger dictionary to make the attack even more powerful.
Saving a Screen Image Make sure the password of Bond007 message is visible, as shown above. Click on the host system's desktop to make it active. Press the PrintScrn key to copy the whole desktop to the clipboard.
YOU MUST SUBMIT A FULL-SCREEN IMAGE FOR FULL CREDIT! Paste the image into Paint. Save the document with the filename ' YOUR NAME Proj 10c', replacing 'YOUR NAME' with your real name.
Turning in your Project Email the image to [email protected] with the subject line: Proj 10 from YOUR NAME Sources Last revised 10-19-17 7:49 pm.
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